Raghugadiga's Weblog

primary market

raghugadiga — Sat, 18 Apr 2009 07:22:29 +0000

The primary market, also called the new issue market, is the market for issuing new securities. Many companies, especially small and medium scale, enter the primary market to raise money from the public to expand their businesses. They sell their securities to the public through an initial public offering. The securities can be directly bought from the shareholders, which is not the case for the secondary market. The primary market is a market for new capitals that will be traded over a longer period.

In the primary market, securities are issued on an exchange basis. The underwriters, that is, the investment banks, play an important role in this market: they set the initial price range for a particular share and then supervise the selling of that share.

Investors can obtain news of upcoming shares only on the primary market. The issuing firm collects money, which is then used to finance its operations or expand business, by selling its shares. Before selling a security on the primary market, the firm must fulfill all the requirements regarding the exchange.

After trading in the primary market the security will then enter the secondary market, where numerous trades happen every day. The primary market accelerates the process of capital formation in a country’s economy.

The primary market categorically excludes several other new long-term finance sources, such as loans from financial institutions. Many companies have entered the primary market to earn profit by converting its capital, which is basically a private capital, into a public one, releasing securities to the public. This phenomena is known as “public issue” or “going public.”

There are three methods though which securities can be issued on the primary market: rights issue, Initial Public Offer (IPO), and preferential issue. A company’s new offering is placed on the primary market through an initial public offer.

string to date

raghugadiga — Thu, 08 Jan 2009 09:39:57 +0000

DateFormat dateFormtatFirst =

new SimpleDateFormat(“dd/MM/yyyy”

);

Date date =

null

;

try

{

date = dateFormtatFirst.parse(dateInstring);

}

catch

(ParseException e) {

log.error(“Unable to parse date:”

+ e.getMessage(), e);

date to string

raghugadiga — Thu, 08 Jan 2009 09:38:44 +0000

String date =

“”

;date =

new SimpleDateFormat(“dd/MM/yyyy”).format(utilDate);

input validation

raghugadiga — Wed, 07 Jan 2009 11:39:35 +0000

CodeAve.com(Checkbox Input Validation)

java script to invoke different html pages

raghugadiga — Mon, 17 Nov 2008 03:50:16 +0000


<

html>
<


head>
<


title>POCtitle>
<


script type="text/javascript">

 

function submitForm(page) {
 

if


(page == 'TreeView') {
 


document.forms[0].action='./jsps/treeview/StartTreeView.jsp';
 


} else if (page == 'DisplayTag') {
 


document.forms[0].action='./jsps/displaytag/StartDisplayTag.jsp';
 


} else if (page == 'DataGrid') {
 


document.forms[0].action='./jsps/datagrid/StartDataGrid.jsp';
 


} else if (page == 'CheckSum') {
 


document.forms[0].action='./jsps/checksum/checksum.jsp';
 


}
 

 


document.forms[0].submit();
 


}


script>


head>
<


body>

 

<form action="">

 

<h3>Welcome to POC...h3>

 

<hr/>

 

<table>

 

<tr>

 

<td align="right">Tree View:td>

 

<td>

 

<input type="button" value="Go..." width="100px" onclick="javascript:submitForm('TreeView');"/>

 

td>

 

tr>

 

<tr>

 

<td align="right">Data Grid (Multi Edit):td>

 

<td>

 

<input type="button" value="Go..." width="20" onclick="javascript:submitForm('DataGrid');"/>

 

td>

 

tr>

 

<tr>

 

<td align="right">Display Tag (Pagination):td>

 

<td>

 

<input type="button" value="Go..." width="20" onclick="javascript:submitForm('DisplayTag');"/>

 

td>

 

tr>

 

<tr>

 

<td align="right">File Check-Sum:td>

 

<td>

 

<input type="button" value="Go..." width="20" onclick="javascript:submitForm('CheckSum');"/>

 

td>

 

tr>

 

table>

 

form>


body>


html>

iterate using struts tag(logic:iterate)

raghugadiga — Fri, 12 Sep 2008 06:51:22 +0000

For an example of using the  tag,
we'll use one of the previous examples given, in it's entirety.
This example uses the  tag from the Bean Tag Library,
see the User's Guide on the bean tag library for more information on it's usage: 

<%@ page language="java" %>
<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %>
<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld" prefix="logic" %>
<%
java.util.ArrayList list = new java.util.ArrayList();
  list.add("First");
  list.add("Second");
  list.add("Third");
  list.add("Fourth");
  list.add("Fifth");
  pageContext.setAttribute("list", list, PageContext.PAGE_SCOPE);
%> 


  Element Value:

diff bw hashmap and hashtable?

raghugadiga — Sun, 27 Jul 2008 02:36:22 +0000

hash map allows null values in keys as well as value where as hash table doesnot allow. and hashmap is not synchronized and hashtable is synchronized.

hashmap:

map.put(null, null); // no exception

hashtable:

map.put(null, null); // NullPointerException

Diff between overloading and overriding

raghugadiga — Sun, 27 Jul 2008 02:32:54 +0000

In a class, if two methods have the same name and a different signature,it
is known as overloading in Object oriented concepts.

For example, take the case of a Shape Class where you have a method with the name DrawShape();

This method has two definitins with different parameters.

Thread

raghugadiga — Sun, 27 Jul 2008 02:32:38 +0000

A thread state. A thread can be in one of the following states:

NEW
A thread that has not yet started is in this state.
RUNNABLE
A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.
BLOCKED
A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock is in this state.
WAITING
A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to perform a particular action is in this state.
TIMED_WAITING
A thread that is waiting for another thread to perform an action for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
TERMINATED
A thread that has exited is in this state.

A thread can be in only one state at a given point in time. These states are virtual machine states which do not reflect any operating system thread states.

java stack and Queue

raghugadiga — Sun, 27 Jul 2008 02:32:22 +0000

Stacks and Queues
/**
* GQueue.java -- Dynamic Queue of Object
* j.g.c. 9/2/00
* from GStack
* for MSc CSA, QUB.
*/
import java.io.*;

public class GQueue {

public GQueue(){
front= null;
} 

public void join(Object e){
if(isEmpty())front= new Link(e, front);
else{ // walk to rear an join there
Link cursor= front;
while(cursor.next!= null)cursor= cursor.next;
cursor.next= new Link(e, null);
}
}

public Object front(){
return front.ele;}

public void leave(){
front= front.next;}

public boolean isEmpty(){
return front==null;}

public int size(){
Link cursor= front;
int s= 0;
while(cursor!= null){
s++; cursor= cursor.next;
}
return s;
}

public String toString(){
Link cursor= front;
StringBuffer b= new StringBuffer();
b.append("[");
while(cursor!= null){
b.append(cursor.toString());
cursor= cursor.next;
if(cursor!= null)b.append(",");
}
b.append("]");
return b.toString();
}

private Link front;

private class Link{

public Link(Object e, Link n){
ele= e;
next= n;}

public Link(Object e){
this(e, null);}

public String toString(){
return String.valueOf(ele);}

public Object ele;
public Link next;
}
}

10.2.3 Exercising program for GQueue
import java.io.*;

public class GQueueT{

public static void main(String args[]){
PrintStream out = System.out;
GQueue x= new GQueue();

out.println(x.toString());

x.join(new Integer(12) );
out.println(x.toString());

for(int i=23; i< 100; i+=11){
x.join(new Integer(i) );
}
out.println("x.size()= "+ x.size());
out.println("x= "+ x.toString());

out.println("Successively leaving ...");
while(!x.isEmpty()){
out.println("front= "+x.front());
out.println(x.toString());
x.leave();
}
}
}

And the output from GQueueT.java. 

[]
[12]
x.size()= 8
x= [12,23,34,45,56,67,78,89]
Successively leaving ...
front= 12
[12,23,34,45,56,67,78,89]
front= 23
[23,34,45,56,67,78,89]
front= 34
[34,45,56,67,78,89]
front= 45
[45,56,67,78,89]
front= 56
[56,67,78,89]
front= 67
[67,78,89]
front= 78
[78,89]
front= 89
[89]

Exercise. Draw the linked structure - showing front, and what each next reference refers to, when x= [12,23,34,45,56,67,78,89]. 

10.3 A Stack Class 

We replace all int with Object; 

add push; 

firstElement top; 

remove pop; 

/**
* GStack.java -- Dynamic Stack of Object
* j.g.c. 26/1/00
* from StackInt
* for MSc CSA, QUB.
*/
import java.io.*;

public class GStack {

public GStack(){
first= null;
} 

public void push(Object e){
first= new Link(e, first);}

public Object top(){
return first.ele;}

public void pop(){
first= first.next;}

public boolean isEmpty(){
return first==null;}

public int size(){
Link cursor= first;
int s= 0;
while(cursor!= null){
s++;
cursor= cursor.next;
}
return s;
}

public String toString(){
Link cursor= first;
StringBuffer b= new StringBuffer();
b.append("[");
while(cursor!= null){
b.append(cursor.toString());
cursor= cursor.next;
if(cursor!= null)b.append(",");
}
b.append("]");
return b.toString();
}

private Link first;

private class Link{

public Link(Object e, Link n){
ele= e;
next= n;}

public Link(Object e){
this(e, null);}

public String toString(){
return String.valueOf(ele);}

public Object ele;
public Link next;
}
}

10.3.3 Exercising Program for GStack 

/**
* GStackT.java -- Exercises class GStack
* j.g.c. 19/12/99, 24/1/00
* for MSc CSA, QUB.
*/
import java.io.*;

public class GStackT{

public static void main(String args[]){
PrintStream out = System.out;
GStack x= new GStack();

out.println(x.toString()); 

x.push(new Integer(12) );
out.println(x.toString()); 

for(int i=23; i< 100; i+=11){
x.push(new Integer(i) );
}
out.println("x.size()= "+ x.size());
out.println("x= "+ x.toString());

out.println("Successively popping ...");
while(!x.isEmpty()){
out.println("top= "+x.top());
out.println(x.toString());
x.pop();
}
}
}

output:

[]
[12]
x.size()= 8
x= [89,78,67,56,45,34,23,12]
Successively popping ...
top= 89
[89,78,67,56,45,34,23,12]
top= 78
[78,67,56,45,34,23,12]
top= 67
[67,56,45,34,23,12]
top= 56
[56,45,34,23,12]
top= 45
[45,34,23,12]
top= 34
[34,23,12]
top= 23
[23,12]
top= 12
[12]

$ java brack1
asdf(mn)[123]{a()cmn}(mnad]asdfg{mn}

works fine up to the `]' just after mnad. 

Note: it also works on files, as follows: 

$ java brack1 < GStack.java

substitutes GStack.java for the input stream. 

/**
* Brack1.java -- Exercises class GStack
* j.g.c. 19/12/99, 24/1/00, 10/2/00 for MSc CSA, QUB.
*/
public class Brack1{

public static void main(String args[]){
PrintStream out = System.out;
GStack stk= new GStack();
String lBrack= new String("({[");
String rBrack= new String(")}]");
boolean more = true;
while(more){
try{
int c = System.in.read();
if(isIn(c, lBrack))stk.push(new Character((char)c));
else if(isIn(c, rBrack)){
if(!stk.isEmpty() ){
Character ctop= (Character) stk.top();
stk.pop();
int cc= ctop.charValue();
if(!match(c, cc, rBrack, lBrack)){
System.out.println("Error: "+(char)c);
System.exit(0);
}
}
else { // stk empty, nothing to compare to c
System.out.println("Error: "+(char)c); System.exit(0);
}
}
// just ignore other characters
if(c=='$')more=false; //kludge for EOF
}//end try
catch(java.io.IOException e){ more= false; }
}
if(!stk.isEmpty()){
System.out.println("Error: missing a right delimiter");
System.exit(0);
}
System.out.println("Successful!");
}

private static boolean match(int cr, int cl, String rs, String ls){
return ( rs.indexOf(cr)==ls.indexOf(cl) && rs.indexOf(cr)!=-1 );}

private static boolean isIn(int c, String s){
return (s.indexOf(c)!= -1);}
}

10.5 Exercises 

Consider the following program fragment: 

GQueue q= new GQueue (); //1
q.join(Character('d')); //2
q.join(Character('a'));
q.join(Character('c')); //3
Character c= (Character)q.front(); //4
q.leave(); //5
c= (Character)q.front(); //6
c= (Character) q.front(); //7